Genre: History

Review – The Roads to Rome

Posted May 6, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 0 Comments

Review – The Roads to Rome

The Roads to Rome

by Catherine Fletcher

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 400
Rating: one-star
Synopsis:

Inspired by original research and filled with color and drama, this is an exploration of two thousand years of history as seen through one the greatest imperial networks ever built.

"All roads lead to Rome” is a medieval proverb, but it's also true: today's European roads still follow the networks of the ancient empire—and these ancient roads continue to grip our modern imaginations as a physical manifestation of Rome’s extraordinary greatness.

Over the two thousand years since they were first built, these roads have been walked by crusaders and pilgrims, liberators and dictators, but also by tourists and writers, refugees and artists. As channels of trade and travel—and routes for conquest and creativity—Catherine Fletcher reveals how these roads forever transformed the cultures, and intertwined the fates, of a vast panoply of people across Europe and beyond.

The Roads to Rome is a magnificent journey into a past that remains intimately connected to our present. Traveling from Scotland to CĂĄdiz to Istanbul and back to Rome, the reader meanders through a series of nations and empires that have risen and fallen. Along the way, we encounter spies, bandits, scheming innkeepers, a Byzantine noblewoman on the run, young aristocrats on their Grand Tour, a conquering Napoleon, John Keats, the Shelleys, the abolitionist Frederick Douglass, and even Mussolini on his motorbike.

Reflecting on his own walk on the Appian Way, Charles Dickens observed that here is "a history in every stone that strews the ground.” Based on vibrant original research, this is the first narrative history to tell the full story of life on the roads that lead to Rome.

Catherine Fletcher’s The Roads to Rome was a miss for me. It took me months to read, slowly, because something about the style or content was just completely undigestible for me — I literally couldn’t remember what I’d just read, more than half the time. I couldn’t put my finger on what exactly it is about it, but I just couldn’t retain any of it. Take this with a pinch of salt: maybe it’s just me.

Ostensibly, the subject is fascinating to me, but I think part of the problem is the format: it’s partly Fletcher’s own travelogue and thoughts about her own travel, about which I couldn’t possibly care less. The history gets unspooled in disconnected snippets, surrounded by her comments on her hotels and train trips. Yawn.

It also moves from discussing the Roman Empire toward more modern stuff, which… if I could retain any of it, would fill a gap in my knowledge about Fascist Italy, but I doubt I’ll remember.

All in all, should probably have just not finished it. Oh well.

Rating: 1/5

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Review – Who Owns This Sentence?

Posted April 29, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 6 Comments

Review – Who Owns This Sentence?

Who Owns This Sentence? A History of Copyrights and Wrongs

by David Bellos, Alexandre Montagu

Genres: Non-fiction, History
Pages: 384
Rating: four-stars
Synopsis:

Who Owns This Sentence? looks at how throughout history, principled arguments, greed, and opportunism have ensured copyright's ascendency, and unveils those who are behind a phenomenon that has faced little public debate.

David Bellos and Alexandre Montagu’s Who Owns This Sentence? A History of Copyrights and Wrongs is surprisingly readable, for a book on a subject that could be incredibly dry. It helps that they split things down into plenty of chapters, and take one or two examples at a time — they’re quite thorough in discussing the development of each successive law and expansion to law, but the chunks are pretty bitesize for the most part, and the tone is fairly casual.

If you are pro copyright without limit including for corporations, then you probably won’t enjoy the general tone they take, pointing out multiple times (and in multiple ways) that the argument that copyright gives people a livelihood and fosters creativity isn’t a universal truth (people will often create without financial incentives) and that the laws anyway aren’t focused on providing that (you wouldn’t need lifetime + 70 years just for that).

Their argument is that far too much stuff is tied up in copyright in a way that hampers creativity and the sharing of knowledge, and they make a fair case for it, especially when it’s clear that a bare handful of companies own almost all of it anyway, and the net result is that the rich keep on getting richer and richer — based on the hard work of others who are often dead.

That said, it is a fairly opinionated account, so if you want a dispassionate rundown of what copyright is, you don’t want this book.

Rating: 4/5

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Review – Sheeplands

Posted April 23, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 4 Comments

Review – Sheeplands

Sheeplands: How Sheep Shaped Wales and the World

by Alan Marshall

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 256
Rating: three-stars
Synopsis:

Human civilisation was not just created by humans: we had the help of many creatures, and foremost among these were sheep. From Argentina to Australia and from Mesopotamia to Mongolia, just about every country with hills and meadows has adopted and then developed sheep farming as a way of living. And in Wales in particular, sheep played a central role in shaping landscape and culture.

Sheeplands outlines the journeys taken by some of these sheep as they voyaged across the world, both by themselves and with human shepherds, from the earliest human settlements to the present day. Along the way, Alan Marshall paints vivid portraits of the roles sheep have played in the development of the modern world, in times of peace and war, and describes how our sheeplands might continue to influence Wales and the wider world in future years.

Alan Marshall’s Sheeplands is, as it says, a history of Wales (and the wider world) through the lens of sheep and sheep-farming. This isn’t trivial: farming has been very important over the years, and the development of farming techniques, breeds of sheep and ways of transporting the sheep have been vital in the economy, war, colonisation, and everyday lives. I definitely appreciated a history that kept coming back to Wales, specifically, and from a very pro-Welsh point of view.

However… the problem is, the book doesn’t have numbered references, just a list of sources in the back, making it very difficult to follow up a particular anecdote and reference it. Sometimes something is stated as sheer fact when it sounds like mere theory, and sometimes the flippant easy tone elides the author’s lack of knowledge on a subject (“Homer” didn’t “scribe into text” anything, folks; Homer quite possibly never existed — it’s all more complicated than that). Sometimes that doesn’t affect the underlying point, and it didn’t in the case of this example. But. What about inaccuracies in the stuff I don’t have personal knowledge of? How can I tell apart flippancy, opinion, and fact, without proper sourcing?

I know it’s meant for a popular audience, but that shouldn’t mean you put yourself beyond fact-checking. Adding numbered sources doesn’t interrupt the flow for someone who is reading very casually, and allows anyone to look up the source for more information if they’re curious, sceptical, etc.

I did also find that I wasn’t so keen on the personal interjections about the author and his son Shelley. It’s cute, but it doesn’t really add to the narrative for us to be told what the author’s six-year-old son thinks about a given fact or location.

So… there were definitely things I enjoyed about the reading experience, don’t get me wrong, but it did also leave a lot to be desired in other ways.

Rating: 3/5

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Review – A History of Britain in Ten Enemies

Posted April 18, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 0 Comments

Review – A History of Britain in Ten Enemies

A History of Britain in Ten Enemies

by Terry Deary

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 256
Rating: two-stars
Synopsis:

Ah, Britain. So special. The greatest nation on earth, some say. And we did it all on our own. Didn’t we?

Well, as it happens Britannia got its name from the Romans, and for the past two centuries we have been ruled by Germans. But then, as Horrible Histories author Terry Deary argues, nations and their leaders are defined by the enemies they make.

The surprisingly sadistic Boudica would be forgotten if it weren't for the Ninth Legion, Elizabeth I a minor royal without the Spanish Armada, and Churchill an opposition windbag without the Nazis. Britain loves its heroes so much we have been known to pickle them in brandy to keep them fresh. And after all, every nation sometimes needs a bit of unifying Blitz spirit (although in an ideal world, we wouldn’t have accidentally let Corporal Hitler go in the first place).

The British have a proud history of choosing their enemies, from the Romans to the Germans. You might even say those enemies made Britain what it is today.

A History of Britain in Ten Enemies is an entertaining gallop through history that will have you laughing as you find out what they didn't teach you in school.

Terry Deary’s A History of Britain in Ten Enemies is pretty much what you’d expect of someone who wrote for Horrible Histories: flippant, irreverent, willing to be sarcastic about everything, and… almost completely unsourced in a gossipy, opinionated account of history. It’s especially jarring when what he writes is contradictory to something I know is a prominent theory (e.g. that the building of wooden henges wasn’t replaced by the building of stone ones, as Deary suggests, but contemporaneous with them and linked to them: wood for the living, stone for the dead).

At that point I settled in to read it more or less for the tone and anecdotes, and to take everything with a heaping of salt. Each chapter does have a couple of references, but since they’re unnumbered and there’s only 2-3, it’s not very convincing.

If you’re just interested in a casual read, it’s probably perfect; for me, the tone didn’t quite land, and it turns out I get really irritated by such flagrant lack fo sourcing.

Rating: 2/5

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Review – Endangered Languages

Posted April 13, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 4 Comments

Review – Endangered Languages

Endangered Languages

by Evangelia Adamou

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 264
Series: The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series
Rating: three-stars
Synopsis:

A concise, accessible introduction to language endangerment and why it is one of the most urgent challenges of our times.

58% of the world’s languages—or, approximately 4,000 languages—are endangered. When we break this figure down, we realize that roughly ten percent of languages have fewer than ten language keepers. And, if one language stops being used every three months, this means that in the next 100 years, if we do nothing, 400 more languages will become dormant. In Endangered Languages, Evangelia Adamou, a specialist of endangered languages and a learner of her own community language, Nashta, offers a sobering look at language endangerment and what is truly lost when a language disappears from usage.

Combining recent advances from the Western scientific tradition—from the fields of linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, language attrition, population genetics, and natural language processing—and insights from Indigenous epistemology, theory, and ethics, Adamou examines a wealth of issues surrounding endangered languages. She discusses where endangered languages are found, including how they are faring in a digital world, why these languages are no longer used, and how communities can reclaim languages and keep them strong. Adamou also explains the impact of language continuity on community and individual health and well-being, the importance of language transmission in cultural transmission, and why language rights are essentially human rights.

Drawing on varied examples from the Wampanoag Nation to Wales, Endangered Languages offers a powerful reminder of the crucial role every language has in the vitality and well-being of individuals, communities, and our world.

Endangered Languages, by Evangelia Adamou, is part of the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, so it’s essentially an introduction, a bit of a primer on what it means for a language to be endangered, what we might do about it, etc. As a Welsh person (who doesn’t speak Welsh), obviously I have a bit of a vested interest here: Welsh is the least endangered of the Celtic languages, but it isn’t for lack of trying on the part of our English rulers (see also: the Welsh Not, Brad y Llyfrau Gleision, etc).

Welsh is a bit too successful for Adamou to spend much time on here, despite all that, though I think the revival efforts probably deserved a bit of a mention alongside the revival efforts for Breton, Cornish and Irish, including stuff like the Welsh Language Acts. To compare how Welsh is doing compared to other more endangered languages is pretty instructive — but there’s a limited amount of space in any one book, of course.

In the end, discussing endangered languages and how to protect them is surprisingly similar to discussing conservation, though of course it’s best not to stretch the similarity too far. I was interested to read about the fact that languages should be considered “dormant” rather than “extinct” now: I don’t know if I think that’s a nice way to look at it, or perhaps one which softens the tragedy of losing all native speakers of a language a little too much.

Anyway, an interesting introduction.

Rating: 3/5

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Review – Conspiracy Theory: The Story of An Idea

Posted April 6, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 0 Comments

Review – Conspiracy Theory: The Story of An Idea

Conspiracy Theory: The Story of an Idea

by Ian Dunt, Dorian Lynskey

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 184
Series: Origin Stories #2
Rating: three-stars
Synopsis:

What makes people believe in conspiracy theories? Why have they taken over our political sphere? And how do we counter them before it’s too late?

The world has always had conspiracy theories. From the Illuminati to the deep state, the JFK assassination to the death of Princess Diana – there have always been those who believe that events are manipulated by shadowy forces with sinister intent. But in recent years, conspiracism has colonised the mainstream. These days, it is a booming industry, a political strategy and a pseudo-religion – and it’s threatening the foundations of liberal democracy.

Where once political battles were fought over ideas and values, it now feels as though we’re arguing over the nature of reality itself. The problem is bigger than lizard people or UFOs: left unchecked, conspiracy theories have the power to warp the fabric of society and justify unspeakable crimes.

In Conspiracy Theory: The Story of an Idea, Ian Dunt and Dorian Lynskey pull back the curtain on conspiracy theories: where they come from, who promotes them, how they work and what they’re doing to us. From biblical myth to online hysteria, this book explains what happens when the human gift for storytelling goes wrong – and how we might restore our common reality.

If you’ve already read about conspiracy theories much before, Ian Dunt and Dorian Lynskey’s Conspiracy Theory doesn’t offer a lot that’s new. They try to tackle the history of conspiracy theories, the psychology of why we believe them, and also what can be done about them, which is a big ask in a small space.

The history manages to be reasonable thorough, or that’s my impression: I only vaguely knew about the original actual Illuminati, and there were aspects of historical USian conspiracy stuff that I didn’t know a lot about. It discusses Kennedy’s assassination, of course, but also more recent stuff like Pizzagate: it’s definitely modern and relevant, though feels slightly weird that it doesn’t address Trump’s new presidency and what that might mean for conspiracy theories (which is not the book’s fault, to be clear — it was released only just after the US election).

In a way, that fact makes the book feel defeated right away once we get onto the stuff about what to do about conspiracy theories, to be honest. How can one focus on deplatforming people who spout conspiracy theories when Trump’s about to be president again? [Not to mention everything that’s happening at the time of this review’s posting — it was originally written in January.] The chapter on defanging conspiracy theories is also quite short, because I think if that was the problem you want to solve… you wouldn’t want to start from here.

Ultimately, it was interesting but didn’t really add much for me. Rob Brotherton’s Suspicious Minds (which the authors reference) is better and more in depth.

Rating: 3/5

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Review – Soda and Fizzy Drinks

Posted March 31, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 0 Comments

Review – Soda and Fizzy Drinks

Soda and Fizzy Drinks: A Global History

by Judith Levin

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 184
Series: Edible
Rating: four-stars
Synopsis:

More than eighty years before the invention of Coca-Cola, sweet carbonated drinks became popular around the world, provoking arguments remarkably similar to those they prompt today. Are they medicinally, morally, culturally, or nutritionally good or bad? Seemingly since their invention, they have been loved—and hated—for being cold or sweet or fizzy or stimulating. Many of their flavors are international: lemon and ginger were more popular than cola until about 1920. Some are local: tarragon in Russia, cucumber in New York, red bean in Japan, and chinotto (exceedingly bitter orange) in Italy. This book looks not only at how something made from water, sugar, and soda became big business, but also how it became deeply important to people—for fizzy drinks’ symbolic meanings are far more complex than the water, gas, and sugar from which they are made.

Judith Levin’s Soda and Fizzy Drinks is another entry in the “Edible” series, all global histories of particular food items. Levin discusses the development of fizzy drinks and also their modern popularity, what they mean to people, and why they keep coming out with weird seasonal flavours (basically, to grab people’s attention and keep up demand, which isn’t a surprise).

I was surprised to learn about flavours of soda like celery, turkey and gravy, etc, and not surprised by much else such as the history of Coca-Cola and various reactions to Coca-Cola like Inca Cola. I was surprised that (according to Levin) Coca-Cola is viewed as pretty much holy by the Maya people. (Mostly so far in my external reading inspired by this book I’ve found sources discussing it as a part of diet in Mexico, and discussing changes brought by “coca-colonisation”, but less about it actually being a part of religious ceremonies.)

As usual with this series, the book is illustrated (sometimes making reference to the images and sometimes not really), and has a bunch of recipes in the back.

Rating: 4/5

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Review – Book Curses

Posted March 24, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 0 Comments

Review – Book Curses

Book Curses

by Eleanor Baker

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 118
Rating: four-stars
Synopsis:

Have you ever wanted to protect your books from forgetful borrowers, merciless page-folders or outright thieves? Perhaps you have even wished harm on those who have damaged your books, but would you threaten them with hellfire, hanging or the plague? This book contains a collection of some of the most ferocious and humorous book curses ever inscribed, from fearsome threats discovered emblazoned on stone monuments from the ancient Near East, to elaborate manuscript maledictions and chilling warnings scribbled in printed books. Book curses are entertaining writings in themselves, but they also offer a tantalising insight into how passionately texts and books have been valued by their owners and readers over the centuries. Here you will find an engaging introduction to the history and development of the book curse and perhaps some inspiration to pen a few of your own.

Book Curses has commentary and selections by Eleanor Baker, but is largely taken up with reproductions of various curses people have written in books, from ancient times to modern, in order to “protect” the books from being stolen. I was hoping for a little more commentary, personally, though there is enough to provide context (both general, for each block of time discussed, and specific to each curse).

I wasn’t 100% sure I agreed with all of the translations, personally. It’s been over a decade since Middle English was my field, though (and I have a lot more practice with Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic), so probably I should concede that Baker likely knows what she’s doing. There was a translation of a word “pokke” (I think — I can’t quickly find the exact spelling again to check) which can mean “sleeve” or, more obviously, “pocket”. It was translated in this volume as “sleeve”, with a comment about a particular kind of sleeve that might have been meant. Pocket might have been a more common-sense translation there, if you’re going to be offering a translation and assuming your audience therefore can’t (all) translate the original.

That said, that’s quibbling, and I appreciated some of the other decisions very much (like keeping the original choice of where to break lines, for the most part). It’s an interesting little compilation!

Rating: 4/5

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Review – Everything Is Tuberculosis

Posted March 20, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 8 Comments

Review – Everything Is Tuberculosis

Everything Is Tuberculosis

by John Green

Genres: History, Non-fiction, Science
Pages: 198
Rating: five-stars
Synopsis:

John Green tells a deeply human story illuminating the fight against the world’s deadliest disease

Tuberculosis has been entwined with humanity for millennia. Once romanticized as a malady of poets, today tuberculosis is a disease of poverty that walks the trails of injustice and inequity we blazed for it.

In 2019, John Green met Henry, a young tuberculosis patient at Lakka Government Hospital in Sierra Leone while traveling with Partners in Health. John became fast friends with Henry, a boy with spindly legs and a big, goofy smile. In the years since that first visit to Lakka, Green has become a vocal and dynamic advocate for increased access to treatment and wider awareness of the healthcare inequities that allow this curable, treatable infectious disease to also be the deadliest, killing 1.5 million people every year.

In Everything is Tuberculosis, John tells Henry’s story, woven through with the scientific and social histories of how tuberculosis has shaped our world and how our choices will shape the future of tuberculosis.

John Green’s Everything Is Tuberculosis is everything I want in a book about tuberculosis that I can hand to laypeople. It’s scientifically up to date, and it’s clear that TB is a curable disease which we’re collectively choosing to inflict on the world’s poorest and most disadvantaged. It’s a disease of inequality and inequity, and Green nails that.

He’s less clear, I think, on how you fix it: he talks about drugs, but the historic example of most of Europe and the USA makes it clear that you don’t even need effective drugs. TB was on the run in Europe before we had streptomycin, as more and more people ate adequately nutritious food and lived in appropriately sized, ventilated buildings, and as work conditions improved. Even without drugs, if we could improve housing and nutrition, we’d gain a lot of ground on TB. But, as with so many of the world’s problems, we choose not to.

Green illustrates his points with the story of Henry, a TB patient in Sierra Leone; at times this felt a bit like inspiration porn, but he does make an excellent point in drawing the comparisons between Henry — an artistic young man who happens, of course, to be black — and the Romantic poets who were feted for being pale and interesting, and the whole tradition that thought TB patients were particularly bright souls full of special creativity. None of that is applied in how people approach Henry, naturally, and that shift occurred as TB became a disease of the poor (instead of all society).

One thing Green covered that I hadn’t known, from this side of the microscope, is that one of the problems with adherence to the courses of drugs that cure TB is hunger. Obviously I knew intellectually that TB patients are often suffering from undernutrition, but I hadn’t actually understood that the process of treatment restores the appetite, prompts roaring hunger, and an empty belly makes all of it feel so much worse.

It fits with one of the key takeaways I have from the tuberculosis course I’m doing right now, though: the major thing we can do to help people adhere to their TB treament is feed them, house them, and give them money. That will help them stick to their treatment and achieve a cure — and that will actually save so much money in treating other TB patients in future.

Finally, I will say that I have a couple of quibbles. First, as I mentioned above, I disagree that streptomycin was key in Europe’s recovery from tuberculosis. Secondly, I feel he conflated DOTS (“Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course”) and DOT (“directly observed therapy”). As I understand it, it’s important not to confuse the two, because one is a strategy from the 1990s with very specific criteria, and the other is one component of treatment commonly used now which just involves patients being observed while taking their medications. My study materials might be wrong, of course, but I’d be surprised, since I study at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, who can usually be trusted to know what’s what as far as infectious disease is concerned.

I’m probably being nitpicky there, though, because for a layperson’s purposes Green explains it — and the problems with it, regardless of whether you mean DOTS or just DOT — very well. Unsurprisingly, we’ve found that trusting TB patients and meeting their needs works better than treating them like children.

If you take one thing away from this book (or indeed from speaking with me), I hope it’s that TB is curable, and that if the will is there, we could do so much more to help people. I think this is something that everyone could use educating themselves about — and this is a very readable, and fairly short, way to do so.

Rating: 5/5

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Review – The Other Olympians

Posted March 16, 2025 by Nicky in Reviews / 4 Comments

Review – The Other Olympians

The Other Olympians: A True Story of Gender, Fascism and the Making of Modern Sport

by Michael Waters

Genres: History, Non-fiction
Pages: 354
Rating: five-stars
Synopsis:

In December 1935, Zdenek Koubek, one of the most famous sprinters in European women’s sports, declared he was now living as a man. Around the same time, the celebrated British field athlete Mark Weston, also assigned female at birth, announced that he, too, was a man. Periodicals and radio programs across the world carried the news; both became global celebrities. A few decades later, they were all but forgotten. And in the wake of their transitions, what could have been a push toward equality became instead, through a confluence of bureaucracy, war, and sheer happenstance, the exact the now all-too-familiar panic around trans, intersex, and gender nonconforming athletes.

In The Other Olympians, Michael Waters uncovers, for the first time, the gripping true stories of Koubek, Weston, and other pioneering trans and intersex athletes from their era. With dogged research and cinematic flair, Waters also tracks how International Olympic Committee members ignored Nazi Germany’s atrocities in order to pull off the Berlin Games, a partnership that ultimately influenced the IOC’s nearly century-long obsession with surveilling and cataloging gender. Immersive and revelatory, "The Other Olympians" is a groundbreaking, hidden-in-the-archives marvel, an inspiring call for equality, and an essential contribution toward understanding the contemporary culture wars over gender in sports.

The problem with Michael Waters’ The Other Olympians, for me, was that it necessitates a fair bit of context around the history of the modern Olympics, the people involved in it, and the beginning of women’s sports. I’m not terribly interested in sports history per se, so mileage will vary on this, and I did appreciate Waters’ clear laying out of the sequence of events. It’s deeply relevant to the question, after all, because one of the issues about women’s sport in the first place was the worry that it would make women unfeminine, or even turn them into men.

I’m also not a huge fan of history about WWII — I think it’s important, don’t get me wrong, but it’s not a topic that has ever really held my imagination. And of course that context was important too.

What I did really love, though, was the introduction to athletes like Zdeněk Koubek and Mark Weston, their careers and how they conceived of their identities. Michael Waters is careful to try to talk about them in ways that are respectful, but it’s difficult to be sure how they would have identified now (e.g. with the greater ability to form communities, the potential to have identified as intersex or non-binary, and simply language change). He always refers to them as men, and uses the preferred form of their names (i.e. for Koubek it’s the masculine form, not “KoubkovĂĄ”), though where sources are quoted, he uses the original wording where necessary.

It’s really chilling how things have turned out, when you read about the initial acceptance of Koubek and Waters. They were accepted as men pretty easily in social terms, and their papers were changed for them, etc. There was always some hostility, of course, but the general tone set (at least according to Waters’ work) was positive, supportive even.

And then, of course, Nazism, and the introduction of sex testing in sport. It wasn’t just the Nazis, to be fair: Avery Brundage was also mad about women’s sports in general because he didn’t find female athletes attractive, and was especially keen to weed out the most inattractive ones. But Nazism provided significant pressure to do this, and it’s been accepted ever since.

Waters rightly points out that half the problem is the premise that “men” and “women” are two entirely discrete and unchangeable categories. This is ridiculous, and testing in sport serves to highlight that: people who have never doubted their sex discover, on an international stage, that they are intersex. The illusion falls apart: it turns out that sex characteristics can vary wildly from person to person, and people can live whole lives without realising that actually they have three chromosomes, or XY chromosomes despite appearing to be totally female, etc. Sex testing falls down as a concept when you can barely define exactly what you’re testing and what the results should mean: is a person with XY chromosomes who looks “like a woman”, has female genitalia and menstruates actually a man, because they have XY chromosomes? That’s what people who want to define sex based on chromosomes seem to believe, but it doesn’t really make sense: that person may never know they have XY chromosomes, and live a life fully experienced as a woman!

Sadly, some people will never be convinced. But if you’re interested in the topic, it’s worth reading a little of the history.

Rating: 5/5

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